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Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October Learn More or Try it out now. Two different species of flaviviruses, dengue virus DENV and yellow fever virus YFV , that originated in sylvatic cycles maintained in non-human primates and forest-dwelling mosquitoes have emerged repeatedly into sustained human-to-human transmission by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
Sylvatic cycles of both viruses remain active, and where the two viruses overlap in West Africa they utilize similar suites of monkeys and Aedes mosquitoes. These extensive similarities render the differences in the biogeography and epidemiology of the two viruses all the more striking. Second, while sylvatic YFV can emerge into extensive urban outbreaks in humans, these invariably die out, whereas four different types of DENV have established human transmission cycles that are ecologically and evolutionarily distinct from their sylvatic ancestors.
Finally, transmission of YFV among humans has been documented only in Africa and the Americas, whereas DENV is transmitted among humans across most of the range of competent Aedes vectors, which in the last decade has included every continent save Antarctica. This review summarizes current understanding of sylvatic transmission cycles of YFV and DENV, considers possible explanations for their disjunct distributions, and speculates on the potential consequences of future establishment of a sylvatic cycle of DENV in the Americas.
Both belong to the genus Flavivirus , family Flaviviridae. All of the approximately 53 recognized species of flaviviruses Grard et al. Species in this genus cluster into one of four major clades by the taxonomy of their host as well as their mode of transmission Cook and Holmes, : i transmitted between vertebrate hosts by mosquitoes, ii transmitted among vertebrate hosts by ticks, iii transmitted between vertebrates without any known vector likely by direct transmission and iv directly transmitted between arthropods.
