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Chemical communication is a fundamental, highly complex component of social insect societies. Ants in particular employ a remarkable diversity of chemical signals to maintain social cohesion among nestmates, gain essential resources through coordinated foraging, and warn of danger.
Although the chemicals used can be functionally specific, they are vulnerable to exploitation by eavesdropping natural enemies e. Ant nests are nutrient hotspots due to their collection of resources warranting keen defense systems; yet the heavily defended hideouts are frequently invaded.
Many organisms exploit ant species, but how they locate hosts—including what host-derived cues are used—is still poorly understood. Here, we review current knowledge about how ant chemical communication systems can be exploited by unintended receivers. We take a case study approach and illustrate the diversity of ant associates and host traits that may predispose ants to exploitation. We identify knowledge gaps by reviewing host systems and listing: 1 the types of associates e. At least 25 families of arthropods 10 orders potentially eavesdrop on ant communication systems and nearly 20 host ant species are vulnerable to trail parasite ant species.
We also propose future research that will improve our understanding of community assembly by examining host traits e. In nature, natural enemies impose strong selective pressures on animals. As individuals communicate with conspecifics, they also make information available to natural enemies and other associates that can be used to their advantage. Indeed, signals are often intercepted by unintended receivers who use them to exploit the signaler and ultimately benefit from accessing this communication system Zuk and Kolluru, ; Stevens, This phenomenon, known as eavesdropping, can occur across sensory modalities in vertebrate and invertebrate communication networks Otte, ; Stowe et al.
