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Its population was , as of December In the 10th century it became part of the emerging Polish state ruled by the Piast dynasty. In spring the Teutonic Knights crossed the river Vistula near Nieszawa and established a fortress. The original document was lost in The set of rights in general is known as Kulm law. In , due to frequent flooding, [ 15 ] it was relocated to the present site of the Old Town.
In Franciscan friars settled in the city, followed in by Dominicans. In the adjacent New Town was founded, predominantly to house Torun's growing population of craftsmen and artisans, who predominantly came from German-speaking lands. In the 14th century, papal verdicts ordered the restoration of the area to Poland, however, the Teutonic Knights did not comply and continued to occupy the region.
In , the city left the Hanseatic League. These events led to the Thirteen Years' War. The citizens of the city, enraged by the Order's ruthless exploitation, conquered the Teutonic castle, and dismantled the fortifications brick by brick, except for the Gdanisko tower which was used until the 18th century to store gunpowder. The New Town and Old Town amalgamated in The Thirteen Years' War ended in , with the Second Peace of Thorn , in which the Teutonic Order renounced any claims to the city and recognised it as part of Poland.
John's Cathedral. In , a gymnasium was founded, which after became one of the leading schools of northern Poland for centuries to come. A city of great wealth and influence, it enjoyed voting rights during the royal election period.
