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The Kurds are an indigenous people of the Middle East who found themselves living on a fault line between the warring Ottoman Sunni and Persian Shia empires. The majority enjoyed a degree of self-governance under Ottoman rule but were fiercely subdued when the Ottomans settled their dispute with the Persians in the 19th century. Three years later, this was undone by the Treaty of Lausanne , which divided the Kurds and turned them into oppressed ethnic minorities in Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria.
Since then, various Kurdish revolts have been brutally suppressed by these governments. The communities suffered different kinds and levels of oppression. In Turkey, Kurdish culture and language were criminalised until ; Kurds were forcibly deported to Turkish areas in an attempt to assimilate them; and their resistance was repressed. Syria built an Arabic belt stretching across the Turkish border, and Kurds were expelled from this oil rich and fertile area and replaced with Arab families.
At the same time, more than , people were denied citizenship and became stateless. Iran hunted down Kurdish opposition leaders and killed them even when they were living in exile. Even though Iraq granted the Kurds some administrative and cultural rights, successive Iraqi governments became increasingly repressive. It became clear that despite disputes among the four ruling states, they would all collaborate to ensure that there would never be a Kurdish state.
A good example of this is the s Kurdish rebellion in Iraq, which was supported by Iran. In , taking advantage of the change of regime in Iran, Iraq reneged on the agreement and attacked Iran, starting a futile 8-year war which left one million dead. The Kurdish struggle went on quietly, largely ignored by the rest of the world. But the last 30 years have been full of upheaval and transformation for us. The gassing of Halabja was well documented by the Iranians, who were at war with Iraq.
